稻茎毛眼水蝇幼虫田间分布型及抽样技术

根据14丘稻田稻茎毛眼水蝇幼虫调查资料．对其幼虫分布型进行了分析。结果表明;用I、CAm／m、Iσ四种聚集指标法测定,64．3％的田块呈随机分布．28．4%为均匀分布．7．3%为聚集分布。用Iwao平均拥挤度和Taylor幂法则测定．其田间分布型符合随机分布。用频次拟合法测验,50%的田块同时符合渡松、奈曼和负二项分布三种分布型;35．7%的田块同时符合2种分布型。根据该虫田间分布型的特点．制定了相应的序贯抽样技术。     

In-vitro assessment of food consumption,utilization indices and losses promises of leafworm,Spodoptera litura (Fab.), on okra crop

The lepidopteran insect pests have significant importance in vegetable production. The present study was performed to investigate the baseline studies about the assessment of feeding and consumption potential, utilization indices and losses promises of leafworm, Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on Okra. The data regarding feeding potential, food utilization and consumption indices as well as losses of different larval instars were recorded and subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. The results showed that, in the beginning, the approximate digestibility of various instars was increase, e.g. third instar (51.36%–64.03%), fourth instar (63.42%–69.45%) and fifth instar (70.25%–76.10%). However, after a certain period, the digestibility was decreased and efficiency to convert the ingested food into biomass varied significantly. The consumption index values increased with an increase in time but the consumption and growth rate was declined of fourth instar larvae. The ingestion and digestion increased of third (10.01–13.06, 8.32–11.91 mg), fourth (11.27–17.28, 10.96–14.03 mg) and fifth (12.60–19.40, 11.93–15.28 mg) larval instars. The corrected weight of consumed leaves increased with a gain in body weight. However, in the third instar, a decline was observed on the last day of feeding. Maximum leaf area was consumed by fifth instar larvae (44.66 cm²) followed by fourth (35.41 cm²) and third (27.98 cm²) instars. In conclusion, all the dependent parameters, including food utilization potential, consumption indices and losses were higher for fifth instar larvae than others. These results emphasized the re-establishment of fundamental (economic threshold level: ETL, economic injury level: EIL) integrated pest management concepts.     

Management of pine wilt disease vectoring Monochamus alternatus adults using spray and soil application of Metarhizium anisopliae JEF isolates

Chemical control is widely used to control the Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus, but strong chemical regulations require an environmentally sound management strategy. In this work, we investigated the use of entomopathogenic fungi and their application as a means of practical pest management. Thirty-two diverse species of fungal isolates were assayed against adult pine sawyer beetles using a contact method under laboratory conditions, and four isolates showed over 70% virulence consequently. These isolates, two each of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were sprayed on the adult beetles at 1 × 10⁷ conidia/ml in plastic containers, respectively. The M. anisopliae-treated adult beetles showed 67% mortality. M. anisopliae isolates JEF-197 and JEF-279 demonstrated dosage-dependent insecticidal activity. Following the laboratory experiments, semi-field trials were conducted in young pine trees under high (RH 94%) and low (RH 35%) humidity conditions. In the high humidity conditions, most of the adult beetles stayed on the top of the branches. When the two M. anisopliae isolates were sprayed on the beetles, they showed ca. 50–70% insecticidal activity 11 days after application. In contrast, in low humidity conditions, the adult beetles tried to move off the branches and onto the soil. When the beetles reached the JEF-197 and JEF-279-treated soil, we measured >90% insecticidal activity. This work suggests that M. anisopliae was the most virulent entomopathogenic fungus against adult Japanese pine sawyer beetles, and this forest insect could be ecologically controlled by the spray and soil application of the M. anisopliae isolates.     

Evaluation of barrier plants for the cultural control of tomato yellow leaf curl disease

Barrier cropping plays an essential role in controlling insect pests and insect-transmitted diseases in cultural control. It has been proven efficient in suppressing the spread of nonpersistently transmitted viruses. For suppressing the spread of persistently transmitted viruses, barrier cropping is not considered an effective control strategy because barrier plants cannot act as a virus sink to purge the virus in the vector. However, few successful cases of barrier cropping suppressing the spread of persistently transmitted viruses have been reported. The objectives of the present study were to screen candidates (cucumber, okra, Chinese kale, soybean, and corn) for potential barrier plants to control tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV) and examine whether prefeeding on these plants can reduce the virus titer in its vector, Bemisia tabaci, thus reducing TYLCTHV transmission. The results revealed that nonviruliferous whiteflies preferred cucumber and okra to tomato, whereas viruliferous whiteflies preferred cucumber to tomato. Although prefeeding on cucumber, okra, and Chinese kale did not reduce the titer of TYLCTHV in viruliferous whiteflies, the vector transmission rate decreased after the whiteflies fed on Chinese kale. It implies that planting Chinese kale as a barrier plant for tomato cultivation may reduce the incidence of TYLCTHV. In addition, the preference to cucumber plants may reduce the incidence of whiteflies acquiring TYLCTHV from virus-infected tomato plants and of viruliferous whiteflies inoculating the virus into healthy tomato plants, thereby reducing the disease incidence. Further field trials of barrier cropping using the candidate plants are warranted.     

Peptides in the hemolymph of Hermetia illucens larvae completely inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumonia in vitro and in vivo

Extensive use of antibiotics has caused the microbial resistance to rise drastically within the last few decades, and new approaches are therefore needed to develop effective antibacterial substances. In this study, we identified peptide in the hemolymph of Hermetia illucens larvae using reverse-phase chromatography, HPLC and Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS system. We investigated the antibacterial effect of HP/F9 peptides against Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo. The peptide effectively inhibited the growth of K. pneumoniae in vitro and completely removed K. pneumoniae from the lungs of mice. Importantly, peptides (22,000 Da, HP/F9) successfully reduced lung inflammation upon K. pneumoniae infection. These results indicate that the HP/F9 peptide from H. illucens larva can effectively protect the mouse from K. pneumoniae infection. HP/F9 could be a new candidate for the development of effective antibacterial substance.     

Life cycle and morphology of Anisops sardeus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1849 (Heteroptera: Notonectidae)

The life cycle of Anisops sardeus was studied by rearing individuals from egg to adult stage in laboratory conditions at a water temperature of 23.2 ± 1.4 °C during the wet season (May-June) and 19 ± 1.8 °C during the dry season (December-February). The incubation period averaged 8 ± 0.8 and 11.5 ± 1.7 days during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Duration of the five instars averaged 3.4 ± 0.5, 4.4 ± 0.5, 4.8 ± 0.8, 5 ± 0.7, and 6.9 ± 0.7 days, respectively during the wet season, and 4.9 ± 0.7, 6.5 ± 1.1, 7.5 ± 1.1, 8.1 ± 0.7, and 9.4 ± 1.1 days, respectively during the dry season. Total developmental time averaged 32.5 ± 2 and 47.9 ± 2.8 days in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The average period of incubation and developmental time of the five instars were shorter in the wet season as compared to those in the dry season. But individuals were larger in the dry season. The variations in morphometric ratios of different characteristic features of laboratory reared specimens among different developmental stages in both the wet and dry seasons, and field collected specimens in the wet season were highly significant as revealed by one-way MANOVA (F = 95.45, p < 0.001; F = 124.38, p < 0.001; F = 5022.85, p < 0.001, respectively). Five instars are described in detail with emphasis on 29 morphometric ratios. This study discerned six morphometric ratios such as length of wing pad/ width of wing pad (WL/WW), length of wing pad/body length (WL/BL), length of head/length of body (HL/BL), length of meso femur/length of meso tibia (FE2L/TI2L), synthlipsis/width of head (S/HW), and vertex/synthlipsis (V/S) which can be used for discriminating instars I-V.     

基于转录组测序的Cd胁迫下芹菜细胞自噬相关基因的筛选

细胞自噬是植物逆境应答过程中最常见的保护机制之一。动物中,自噬相关基因抵御镉(Cd)毒害的功能研究较清楚,但植物却知之甚少。文中以芹菜品种‘皇后’为试材,采用外源Cd(终浓度为0、2、4、8mg/L)添加营养液水培处理,利用转录组测序(RNA-seq)技术筛选细胞自噬相关差异基因并进行q RT-PCR验证。结果表明Cd胁迫对芹菜植株产生了明显的毒害作用,并与浓度间产生了量效关系。在筛选的8个差异表达的自噬相关基因中,ATG8a、ATG8f、ATG13、AMPK-1、AMPK-2基因随Cd浓度升高表达上调,ATG12、VPS30和VPS34则先上调后下降,说明自噬相关基因可能通过表达上调增加了自噬小体结构以抵御Cd毒性作用;而高浓度Cd(8mg/L)可能超出芹菜的耐受范围,导致多个自噬基因又出现表达下调趋势。以上结果有助于后期自噬相关基因的功能研究,为进一步探讨芹菜对Cd胁迫的耐性机制提供参考依据。     

江西双季稻氮素监测诊断模型的建立与应用

建立基于光谱仪的江西双季稻氮素监测诊断模型,可指导氮肥精确施用,达到双季稻丰产、提质、增效的目的。本研究开展了不同早、晚稻品种与氮素水平的小区试验,采用GreenSeeker光谱仪和作物生长监测诊断仪(CGMD)于分蘖期和拔节期测定了早、晚稻冠层光谱植被指数和植株氮积累量,建立了双季稻植株氮积累量光谱监测模型,并采用独立的田间试验数据对模型进行检验。利用双季稻丰产栽培经验及建立的氮素光谱诊断模型,对双季稻分蘖肥和穗肥施氮量进行定量推荐。结果表明: 双季稻氮肥施用关键期(分蘖期和拔节期)基于两种光谱仪的光谱植被指数与植株氮积累量均呈显著正相关,分蘖期和拔节期的模型预测效果比生长前期模型好。基于GreenSeeker光谱仪的归一化差值植被指数(NDVI_(780,660))的指数方程可较好地预测植株氮积累量,模型决定系数(R²)为0.92～0.94,模型检验的均方根误差(RMSE)、相对均方根误差(RRMSE)和相关系数(r)分别为3.09～5.96 kg·hm^-2、5.8%～18.5%和0.92～0.98;基于CGMD光谱仪的差值植被指数(DVI_(810,720))的线性方程可较好地预测植株氮积累量,R²为0.90～0.93,模型检验的RMSE、RRMSE和r分别为3.71～6.33 kg·hm^-2、11.7%～14.3%和0.93～0.96。基于CGMD光谱仪的模型推荐的施氮量高于基于GreenSeeker光谱仪的模型推荐的施氮量;模型生成的精确施氮方案较传统农户方案减少施氮量5.5 kg·hm^-2,氮肥农学利用率提高0.8%,纯收益提高128元·hm^-2。用双季稻氮素光谱诊断方法指导施肥能在增产的同时,降低成本,增加纯收益,对科学指导双季稻生产具有重要意义。     

一株猪源化脓隐秘杆菌的鉴定、生物学特性研究与基因组分析

[背景] 化脓隐秘杆菌作为一种条件致病菌,常与蓝耳病病毒、猪圆环病病毒、巴氏杆菌等混合感染猪,引起各种非特异性化脓性感染,部分临床症状与副猪嗜血杆菌相似。本试验从江西某猪场一起因呼吸道症状急性死亡病猪的肺脏分离到一株具有β溶血特性、疑似化脓隐秘杆菌的细菌病原。[目的] 鉴定该病原的菌属种类、生物学特性及基因组特征,为该菌疾病的基础研究与临床防控奠定理论基础。[方法] 采用透射电镜、扫描电镜结合PCR鉴定等方法对菌属种类进行鉴定;通过动物实验、药敏试验,分析菌株的生物学特性;借助全基因组测序、生物信息学等技术发掘该菌的基因组特征。[结果] 形态观察、16S rRNA基因鉴定及系统发育分析证实,该分离菌株是化脓隐秘杆菌,命名为JX18;药敏试验表明,该菌株对克林霉素和林可霉素不敏感,对其余所选药物均敏感;动物实验结果显示,对小鼠腹腔攻毒后,小鼠腹部出现明显脓肿病灶,最高剂量组的小鼠全部死亡;全基因组测序结果表明,该菌株携带plo、nanH、nanP、fimA、fimC、fimE等重要毒力基因,并且与其他化脓隐秘杆菌菌株毒力基因的相似性较高;根据同源基因数据库（Cluster of Orthologous Groups,COG）预测,菌株JX18中参与碳水化合物代谢的基因占比最高;通过毒力基因数据库（virulence factor database,VFDB）、UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot等数据库预测,JX18菌株基因组中携带有多个组氨酸激酶、反应调节因子等与细菌双组分调控系统相关基因,以及多种与粘附、侵入及分泌系统相关的毒力基因。[结论] 在江西省分离鉴定出一株猪源强致病性化脓隐秘杆菌,丰富了猪源化脓隐秘杆菌病原信息,为进一步开展猪源化脓隐秘杆菌相关研究与防控奠定了理论依据。